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Sad (sura)
Sūrat Ṣād ((アラビア語:سورة ص), "The Letter Sad") is the 38th sura of the Qur'an with 88 ayat and 1 sajdah (39:24). Sad (ص) is the name of the eighteenth letter in the Arabic alphabet.〔Robson, James, ''UNCHANGEABLE WORD'', The Manchester Guardian, 24 January 1956〕
''Saad'' was sent to Muhammad by God while he was coping with rejection from his tribe, the Quraysh, and struggling to keep his own faith. It recounts stories of previous prophets, describes the splendors of heaven, and warns of the monstrosities of hell. The ''sura'' dates to the 2nd Meccan Period, meaning it was written only five or six years into the development of Islam.
== Historical context ==
''Sura'' 38 substantiates Muhammad's role as Prophet through concrete examples of previous messengers of God and the evils that have befallen the people who did not heed sacred messages. Angelika Neurwirth terms these “retribution legends” (McAuliffe, 105). They “prove that divine justice is at work in history, the unjustly harassed being rewarded with salvation, the transgressors and unbelievers punished by annihilation” (McAuliffe, 106). Through regular reference to biblical characters and a self-assertive tone praising both Muhammad and God, the reader can attribute this ''sura'' to the 2nd Meccan Period, according to Noldeke’s chronology .〔Neuwirth, Angelika. "Structural, Linguistic, and Literary Features." The Cambridge Companion to the Qurʼān. Ed. Jane McAuliffe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2006. 97-111. Print.〕 The coherent text builds up to descriptions of both heaven and hell on the Day of Judgment. The wide scope of historical figures—ranging from Old Testament characters such as David, Solomon, and Job, to the devil of Islam, Iblis—were designed to resonate with a wide audience in the face of the disbelief among the Quaryash, Muhammad’s clan; as Ernst poignantly states, Muhammad was likely dealing with “religiously well-informed skeptics” .〔Ernst, Carl W. How to Read the Qur'an : A New Guide, with Select Translations. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2011. Ebook Library. Web. 24 Sep. 2013.〕 Like many contemporary passages, ''Sura'' 38 attempts to convert the reader to a monotheistic religion honoring Muhammad as Prophet by promising salvation for true believers on the Day of Judgment.
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